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更新日期：2019-06-05
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The flute is a common name for a number of musical wind instruments from the group of woodwinds. It is one of the oldest musical instruments. Unlike other wind instruments the flute sounds as a result of cutting the airflow about the face instead of using a tongue. A musician who plays is usually called a flute player.
The most ancient form is the whistle. Gradually the whistle holes began to cut through the finger holes turning a simple whistle into a whistle flute on which it was already possible to perform musical works. The first archaeological finds of date back to 35 - 40 thousand years BC thus the flute is one of the oldest musical instruments.
The longitudinal flute was known in Egypt five thousand years ago and it remains the main wind instrument in the entire Middle East. In Europe it was widely distributed in the XV - XVII centuries. The longitudinal flute which has 5-6 finger holes and is capable of octave blowing provides a complete musical scale the individual intervals within which can vary forming various frets by crossing fingers closing the holes halfway and changing the direction and force of breathing. Nowadays it is used occasionally in the performance of ancient music.
A transverse flute with 5-6 finger holes was known in China at least 3 thousand years ago and in India and Japan more than two thousand years ago. In Europe during the Middle Ages mostly simple instruments of the whistle type the forerunner of the flute and flaçolet as well as the transverse flute that penetrated Central Europe from the East through the Balkans where it still remains the most popular folk instrument were common.
By the end of the 17th century the transverse was perfected by French masters among which Otter was distinguished which in particular added valves to the six finger holes for the performance of a full chromatic scale. Possessing more expressive sound and high technical capabilities the transverse flute soon replaced the longitudinal and by the end of the 18th century took a solid place in the symphony orchestra and instrumental ensembles.
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